for the written word, late Western antiquity retained an “essential orality … demonstrated both in the manner by which literature was produced and in the manner in which it was read. Both were predominantly, indeed exclusively, oral” (12). That is, literature was produced by dictation,16 and it was read by recitation17 (see 12–17). Achtemeier has made his point too strongly, and we will have to undo some of his influence over NT media criticism. A number of studies since 1990 have presented serious
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